Measure for Measure Essay: The Virtuous Vanity of Isabella

The Virtuous Vanity of Isabella in Measure for Measure      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's work, Measure for Measure, puts the "problem" in "problem play" as it, examines the difference between law and justice, virtue and goodness. It's a case study of abuse of power that has a particularly contemporary resonance.   Isabella is a very intriguing Shakespearean female. She is one of the few intelligent females who are also innocent and holy. Measure for Measure focuses primarily on her moral dilemma. Does she save her brother and give up her valued chastity or does she save her own soul while allowing her brother to die? By playing on Elizabethan viewpoints concerning women, nuns, and chastity, Shakespeare uses Isabella in developing his plot and theme.   While Isabella is chaste and merciful in all outward appearances, she is unwilling to give up her virginity to Angelo in exchange for Claudio's life, yet she is ready to sacrifice Mariana's chastity for the cause.   Isabella is so virtuous that it becomes a vanity for her.      Sanctimonious, hypocritical, intelligent, beautiful, Isabella, who is a representative of restraint in the text. She actually goes overboard in her desire for strictness, as shown when she asks one of the nuns if she could not have more strict restraint as one of the sisters there. This recalls the theme of indulgence and restraint, but since Isabella is too much drawn to one of the poles, she will have to become more moderate in order to become truly human.    Isabella is immediately established as a rare female character when her brother describes her with the statement, "she has prosperous art/ when she will play with reason and discourse, and well she can persuade"(Shakespeare 1.2.161-163)." Women in ... ...e of the play.    Works Cited and Consulted: Charlton, H. B. Shakespearean Comedy. London: Methuen, 1938. Knight, G. Wilson. The Wheel of Fire: Essays in Interpretation of Shakespeare's Sombre Tragedies. London: Oxford UP, 1930. Leech, Clifford. "The 'Meaning' of Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Survey 3 (1950): 69-71. New American Standard Bible. Reference ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1975. Pope, Elizabeth Marie. "The Renaissance Background of Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Survey 2 (1949): 66-82. Rossiter, A. P. Angel with Horns and Other Shakespeare Lectures. Ed. Graham Storey. London: Longmans, Green, 1961. Shakespeare, William. William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. 1969. Baltimore: Penguin, 1971. Sypher, Wylie. "Shakespeare as Casuist: Measure for Measure." The Sewanee Review 58 (1950): 262-80.

Critical Analysis of The Business Strategies

Offensive and defensive strategies are by products or results of the corporate strategies. A corporate strategy is a comprehensive set of activities developed by top management to aid an organization achieve its corporate objectives. Involving all parts of an organization, these strategies consider both internal and external environments. As the name suggests these strategies are aimed at placing the organization in a ‘attack mode' of sorts. Organizations employing such strategies generally believe in acting before their opponent. Such strategies are usually achieved through internal growth, though some like mergers and acquisition, etc are external. Concentration on a single product or service The firm chooses to specialize in a single product, product line, or service. It plans to do one thing with great effectiveness and efficiency. This specialization allows an organization to do whatever it does extremely well, perhaps even better than other organizations. Used mostly by small organizations, it reduces the amount of resources required and as such is a low risk strategy. However, it ties up all of the firm's resources on a single product, service, or product line. The firm's success and growth is dependent entirely on that particular product with nothing to fall back on were that product to fail. Also, coupled with the facts that this strategy limits an organization's growth and opportunities, it can be considered a high-risk strategy as well. E.g. a company deciding to specialize only in the production and distribution of a particular brand of chocolate will find their chances for growth and profits tied inexorably with the market acceptance of that chocolate. Failure of the product will spell doom for the company. Despite these pitfalls, the concentration strategy has nevertheless borne fruit for organizations like Holiday Inns. Considered one of the largest hotel chains in the world with 1800inns, Holiday Inns have achieved unparalleled success by focusing on the hospitality industry. Put plainly concentric diversification is said to be when a firm originally concentrating on one specific product, service, or product line decides to add related products or services to its already existing retinue. These new products or services are added internally (i.e. it can be a management decision) or may be acquired through acquisitions. A good example is Cadbury. Though initially focusing on biscuits, the company today has an impressive line-up that includes not only biscuits, but also chocolates and ice cream as well. One of the major reasons why companies choose to follow such a strategy is the potential for faster growth, and the lure of establishing a diverse if related product line. This ensures that if one product were to fail, there would still be something to fall back on. Vertical integration occurs when one firm acquires another that is involved either in an earlier stage of the production process (backward integration) or a later stage of the production process (forward integration). The firm that is acquired usually follows the same line of business as that of the parent company. While backward integration will give the firm more control over the quality and quantity of its raw materials, forward integration will ensure that the firm's products will enjoy a good demand. This occurs when a firm decides to branch out and add products or services that are unrelated to its existing products and services. Conglomerate diversification can occur through acquisitions or it may be based on management decisions. The purpose in employing such a strategy is to increase sales and earnings, spread risks, or in the case of acquisitions simply to make an attractive investment. An example is the heavy vehicles and industrial equipment manufacturer Caterpillar, who have branched out into the production of boots and accessories. A merger involves combining the operations of two companies to form a new and unified organization. Acquisitions on the other hand is the taking over of another firm but allowing the acquired firm to function as a independent division or subsidiary of the acquiring firm. The main aim of this strategy is to achieve growth both in sales and earnings, which it does more quickly than any internal strategies. An accurate example would be the recent merger of carmakers Chrysler and Mercedes Benz. An example of acquisition would be BMW's takeover of Rolls Royce. Joint venture is when two or more firms combine resources to accomplish a task that an individual firm could not have done alone, or to do a job more efficiently. Considered as a means to implement a strategy rather than a strategy, joint ventures offer a way for organizations to undertake projects and spread any risks as well as operate more efficiently. General Motor's collaboration with Toyota is an example of a joint venture. Usually adopted by companies, who follow a wait and watch attitude, these strategies nevertheless help an organization achieve a good foothold in the market. Reducing the scope of operations or activities to improve effectiveness and efficiency is retrenchment. Organizations adopting such a strategy generally believe that making the organization more effective and efficient will give it a better chance to return to a higher level of profitability. In some cases a firm may simply cut costs, reduce personnel, etc, but will decide to maintain all its current line of business, whereas, in extreme cases a firm may decide to get rid of certain product lines or services. Divestment is when a firm spins off or sells segments of its operations. The main reasons for such a situation to arise are: a firm may have acquired another firm that either interferes or does not contribute to its current organization mission, a segment may not be functioning satisfactorily enough to justify the resources invested in it, or the segment might be earning a profit but the management decides its resources are better utilized elsewhere. Stopping the decline in a firm's performance and bringing a return to successful performance involves turnaround. It combines a defensive strategy (retrenchment or divestment) with a growth strategy. The turnaround of Chrysler Corporation in early 1980's from a failing enterprise to a successful one is a good example. Usually a last resort strategy, it involves selling or disposing of the organization assets. The entire organization or only part of it may be sold. It occurs when turnaround was a failure or may not have been viable. Undertaken mainly to provide the stockholders a return on their investment, it is one of the most unpleasant strategies. The various offensive and defensive strategies are not separate, and are used in complement with one another. Most firms employ a variation or a mixture of the various strategies. The only important factor is deciding which strategy will better suit the conditions presently being faced by the firm.

Middle Ages Economy Essay - 1392 Words

Middle Age Economy The economy mostly seen in the early middle ages was feudalism, Europe’s form of government in the Middle Ages, was developed in the fifth century to meet the changing needs of the time. It was based heavily on the honor system. The king had overall power, then the lord, then the vassals, or landowners, and finally down to the peasants, known then as the villeins. The fiefs, or estates, could be rented out to one vassal who would then rent portions of the fief to three more, and so on. Each person would give their peer a fee (called the guild) and goods in return for protection. As an old medieval saying states, quot;No land without the lord, no lord without the land.quot; The†¦show more content†¦Money changers were soon holding and transferring large sums of money and extending loans to merchants. As the demand increased, so did the number of services. Common financial activities came to include granting loans, investing, as well as most of the deposit, credit and transfer functions of a modern bank. A major obstacle to the growth of banks in the Middle Ages was the Churchs prohibition of usury, the charging of interest on loans. As economic activity expanded, however, the papacy became one of the first to insist that interest should be paid on investments made at a risk. Because they were forbidden to hold land or engage in more quot;acceptablequot; sources of economic enterprise, money changers in the Middle Ages were typically Jews. After the shift in Church policy regarding usury, it became more acceptable to be a financier and attempts were made to expel Jews from their commercial role. The international luxury trade was centered in Rome during the Middle Ages. By the end of the thirteenth century, Florentines, as papal treasurers and tax collectors, spurred Florence to become the banking centre of Europe. Large numbers of families invested capital in commercial and industrial developments. In the 1290s, the Bardi and Peruzzi families had establishedShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Middle Ages1506 Words   |  7 Pages The Middle Ages is a medieval time period in Western Europe that lasted from 500 to 1500 C.E. The Middle Ages began as a result from the collapse of the Roman Empire which began in 31 BCE, and fell in 476 C.E. In around 300 C.E. the emperor of the Rome divided the land for easier control. This began the decline of Rome. The Western half of Rome fell to Barbarian invaders, while the eastern half lived on as the Byzantine Empire. The Early Middle Ages began shortly after the western half fell. AfterRead MoreThe Impact Of Feudalism In The Middle Ages In Europe714 Words   |  3 Pageswork and figure out life for your family on a day-to-day basis. This is how life was like for peasants and serfs in the Middle Ages in Europe. This period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century (IO). In Europe, during the Middle Ages, feudalism was shown in three different ways as Social, Political and Economic. The ranking of the social class was how life went on in the Middle Ages. The Serfs were granted land by the knight (Doc.1) but have a work hard long day and nights. Also, in returning the serfsRead MorePostive Effects of Medieval Social Classes Essay752 Words   |  4 Pages(â€Å"Quizlet†). Life in the Middle Ages was based on the framework of social classes so they could flourish socially and economically. The British class structure was a configuration of five main classes. The King owned all the land and distributed portions of it to his nobles. He was part of the ruling class, along with the Pope and the rest of the royalty (Pattie). The Pope was the religious ruler and had power over the church and the whole town (Newman, â€Å"Clergy in the Middle Ages†). He was viewed asRead More The Late Middle Ages Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Middle Ages, often referred to as the Dark Ages, was regarded to be a time of despair, disease, and death. Just as the name the â€Å"Dark Ages† suggests, this period of European history seemed to be surrounded by darkness and hopelessness. Unfortunately, the majority of people only see this side of the Middle Ages when, in fact, the Middle Ages was a much more important era. Especially during the late Middle Ages, one can find a change in orthodox social structure, political instability mostly concernedRead MoreEssay on How The Middl e Ages Earned Its Many Titles921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Middle Ages began around A.D. 500, which was after the western half of the Roman Empire collapsed. They lasted to about A.D.1400 and are referenced as a period of time that experienced violence by Barbaric invasion, feudalism, disease, and strong feelings for faith. The Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism and the Age of Faith are all appropriate titles however the label that best fits is the Age of Faith because of the political, economic and social influence the church held. The middle ages areRead MoreThe Causes Of The Protestant Reformation1270 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Roman Empire. And after the fall of the latter empire, the Dark Ages soon followed because it referred to the lack of inquiries and academic achievements by individuals and societies alike. But after the Dark Ages, Renaissance era soon followed where scholars around the globe became conscious once again and sought for the knowledge that the Greeks once aimed for. The spread of religion was prominent during the Middle Ages. Several movements were made in order to assure the increase in the influenceRead MoreMedieval Church And The Middle Ages1435 Words   |  6 Pages The time period lasting from approximately 800-1500 A.D. was known as the Middle Ages. The most important component of the Middle Ages was feudalism, a system of social hierarchy. In the European feudal pyramid, the uppermost ranking was the king, followed by nobles and church officials, knights, and peasants. One’s social ranking determined their place in society as well as their amount of power. The manor system was the economic system associated with feudalism. In the manorial system, a landownerRead MoreThe Best Titles and Descriptions for the Middle Ages Essay702 Words   |  3 Pages1400 A.D. were most commonly known as the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages was a time period where several events had occurred, each supporting a different label for this era. The Middle Ages deserve the titles of the Age of Feudalism and the Dark Ages because people needed stability and relied on higher government officials for protection, and there were many wars and there was no organized gov ernment. However, the Middle Ages can be best described as the Age of Faith because the Church had power overRead MoreThe Effects of Feudalism Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure in which a lord divided his land into smaller parts to give to lesser lords (â€Å"Feudalism†). A noble, or lord, was in control of his manor. The manor was the heart of feudal economy (Ellis and Esler 222). A manor often consisted of the castle, a church, a village, and the surrounding farm land (â€Å"The Middle Ages†). The king owned all of the land in the society and divided it among trusted lords. A lord would then give portions of their land to vassals, who made an agreement of loyalty and serviceRead MoreBlack Death And The Black Plague1234 Words   |  5 Pagesand poor people actually benefited from the Black Death. After the epidemic declined there were a few outbreaks of the disease later on, but that also came to an end. Nevertheless, its impact lasted for centuries. The Middle Ages in Europe was from 500 to 1500 C.E. The Middle Ages consisted of population growth, developing existing ideas, and creating new ones. Before the Black Death spread to Europe in 1347 C.E, their was a massive increase in population. The population increased from 25,000,000

Critical Evaluation of Accounting Cycle - 3883 Words

INTRODUCTION: An Organization often needs a way to keep score when conducting business operations. Accounting usually fits this need because it allows create to companies financial reports that can be compared with other companies or an industry standard. Business owners and managers also use accounting to review the efficiency of operations. This information may help owners and managers make business decisions and improve the company’s profitability. Accounting is basically defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to help its users make informed judgment and decisions. It also involves recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting financial transactions and events about economic†¦show more content†¦Financial statements are the most important reports of a business. These statements are prepared from the information in the trial balance. The purpose of these statements is to show the reader the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of a business, as well as other useful information concerning the business. Financial statements are usually prepared once a year. Financial statements consist of (amongst other things) an income statement, statement of changes in the owner’s equity, balance sheet, cash flow statement and (where needed) an auditor’s report. Thus we can say ACCOUNTING CYCLE indicates the technique of preparing financial statement for the consumption of different stockholders within a given guideline. Accounting Cycle is a Technique: The accounting cycle begins when business transactions are entered into the journal. Transactions include all events that impact any of the company s accounts, such as cash on hand, or accounts receivable, or bank loans payable. Journal entries accumulate in chronological order —the order in which they occur. The second step in the accounting cycle is transferring (posting) journal entries into a ledger or ledgers, where they are organized first by account, and then chronologically within accounts. Journal: On 1 September, two customers place product orders, on credit. Customer 1 orders $4,200 in products, Customer 2 orders $5,800 in products. Later the same day, the companyShow MoreRelatedRiordan Manufacturing Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesHang Zhou, China. Currently, Riordans COO, Hugh McCauley, and the executive team have requested changes to the current information system used to maintain inventory and manufacturing processes. Evaluation of current Sales, Inventory, and Manufacturing processes will be required as well as the evaluation of current hardware and software. The present networking system requires improvements and, thanks to todays technology can easily be upgraded. The outdated information system and methods couldRead MoreRiordan Manufacturing Executive Summary1607 Words   |  7 PagesHang Zhou, China. Currently, Riordans COO, Hugh McCauley, and the executive team have requested changes to the current information system used to maintain inventory and manufacturing processes. Evaluation of current Sales, Inventory, and Manufacturing processes will be required as well as the evaluation of current hardware and software. The present networking system requires improvements and, thanks to todays technology can easily be upgraded. The outdated information system and methods couldRead MoreDifferent Functions of External Quality Assurance899 Words   |  4 Pageslearning and development, the functions of external quality assurance bodies play a critical role in the development of learning and development programs at organisations within their sphere of influence. 1.2. There are several key concepts associated with the function of assessment, most of which are essential to the provision of quality, reliable external assessment. Planning and sampling strategies are critical because for external quality assurance to be reliable, it needs to be well-designedRead MoreQuestions On Purchasing System And Purchasing Systems Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pages Name: Rovan Sameh Fathy ID: 2141161 Major: Accounting Group: A PURCHASING SYSTEM Purchasing system is a method used by businesses to buy products and/or services. ï‚â€" A purchasing system manages the entire acquisition process, from requisition, to purchase order, to product receipt, to payment. ï‚â€" Purchasing systems are a key component of effective inventory management in that they monitor existing stock and help companies determine what to buy, how much to buy and when to buy itRead MoreAccounting753 Words   |  4 PagesCampbellsville University School of Business and Economics SYLLABUS Course Title: ACC 601 Managerial Accounting Semester/Dates: Graduate Term 1: August 29, 2011 – October 23, 2011 (Traditional MBA) Meetings: Thursday (6:00 PM – 10:00 PM), AD 25 Faculty: Dr. Sunny Onyiri Office: AD 29-b Phone: (502) 365 4424 Read MoreOrganization s Internal Control Integrated Framework1335 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterial misstatements in the financial statements. Four factors that can result in increased financial reporting are personnel changes, the organization grows rapidly, corporate restructurings, and the changing of or adopting new accounting principles. The accounting information system has five major objectives. The first one is to identify and record transactions that are valid. The second one is to describe the transactions with sufficient detail to permit proper classification of transactionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Malnutrition On Indi The Facts Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Review Child malnutrition in India – The Facts Malnutrition in India is a silent emergency (Leadership Agenda for Action, 2009) India speaks the language of growth and progress. Malnutrition however, continues to haunt the country. India is home to 40 percent of malnourished children in the world. Every year 2.5 million children die in India, accounting for one in five deaths in the world. 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How and why are transfer prices for products used in organizations? 6. What are the differences among the various definitions

The practices in managing cultures have changed in the...

In this essay about managing culture in the post-bureaucratic era, I am going to argue how the practices of managing culture have changed in this era and how they differentiate oneself from the bureaucratic era. Furthermore I describe the cultural influences especially in organizations and how the importance of those influences changed over the time. In the first section I am going to explain the content of managing organization culture to get a first insight in the topic and to express the knowledge about the influences of the culture in an organization. In the next chapter I separate between two perspectives of the cultural organizations and explain which of the both are relevant for the assignment question. The next step of my†¦show more content†¦It can be described as a part of an organization or as the organization itself. The first perspective describes the culture as leading the organization to the most positive effectiveness through a good management. On the other h and the second point of view describes the culture as the social interactions of people in an organization (Meek 1988, cited in Knight Willmott 2007). After demonstrating the explanation of culture it is important to explain how the practices of the mainstream and the critical perspective of the organizational culture have changed from the bureaucratic era to the post-bureaucratic era. The bureaucratic era has been the traditional form of organization for more than a century, in simple terms described as hybridity, standardized operations and none flexibility inside the organization. The change to the post-bureaucratic is shown through personal influence, high trust relationships and the importance of the individuality of everyone (McKenna, Garcia-Lorenzo Bridgeman, 2010). According to Kernaghan (2000) the characteristic of the bureaucratic era is â€Å"position power† and of the post bureaucratic â€Å"participate leadership†. With this statement it can be said, that the practices of managing cultures also have changed in this era and that the importance of cultural influences on the organizations are higher than before. Important toShow MoreRelatedThe Practices Of Managing Culture Since The Post Bureaucratic Era1470 Words   |  6 PagesThe practices in managing culture have changed in the post-bureaucratic era. In this essay, I intend to argue that from a time of structured bureaucracy to an aeon of flexibility and the stripping down of hierarchical order, the principles in managing culture have evolved. Nevertheless, as practices have changed, the results are analogous in that culture is developed in order to control an organisation. Organisation culture is the deep, normal assumptions, beliefs, and shared values that delineateRead MoreBureaucratic Leadership Vs. Post Bureaucracy1171 Words   |  5 PagesBureaucratic leadership in the last century dominated and then downturned, but it’s not meaning that has been removed completely at the ends of the last century. It’s continual to develop further to become the post-bureaucratic practices in leadership (Clegg and Courpasson, 2004). These practices are hybridization, which is refurbished by bureaucracy. They are also the mixture of Weberian ideal-type with principles of democratic leadership (Clegg and Courpasson, 2004). In th is essay, I’ll begin withRead Moreâ€Å"Organisations Need Strong Culture†. Consider This Statement in Relation to How We Understand and Make Sense of Culture in the Post-Bureaucratic Era.1602 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Organisations need strong culture†. Consider this statement in relation to how we understand and make sense of culture in the post-bureaucratic era. I will outline why a strong culture is required for organisations in a post-bureaucratic era. Culture â€Å"represents the totality of everyday knowledge that people use habitually to make sense of the world around them through patterns of shared meanings and understandings passed down through language, symbols, and artefacts† (Clegg 3rd EditionRead MoreManagement Of Globalization During The Post Bureaucratic Era1497 Words   |  6 Pageshow practices of managing culture have been used to develop the management of Globalization in the post-bureaucratic era. Globalization has led to the increasing number of global business relationships, the emergence of new global work structures and work environments. To address this I will discuss Cultural globalization, the practices of Frederick Taylor (Carol Carlson Dean, (1997)) that have led to the social dominance, as corporations around the world have started to adopt these practices toRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Th e Bureaucratic Era1222 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess and practice of managing and advising executives on staff recruitment, selection, retention and development (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis 2011). In the post-bureaucratic era, these management styles have altered to cater towards satisfying employees through intrinsic rewards by providing pride, relationships, meaning and a sense of accomplishment through their work (Clegg, Josserand Teo 2006). Throughout this essay, the evolution of human resource management from the bureaucratic era’s ‘hardRead MoreThe Relationship Between Leadership Practices And Communication1780 Words   |  8 PagesPRACTICES IN (LEADERSHIP) CONTRIBUTE TO MANAGING (COMMUNICATION) IN THE POST BUREAUCRATIC-ERA Communication is vital for human connection. As leadership practices in the post bureaucratic era, have changed from a notion of command and control (hard power) to an environment of empowerment and trust relationships between employees and their leaders (soft power), more transmission of messages take place due to these practices such as engaging in discussions, feedback, decision-making and team buildingRead MorePractices of Leadership Contribute to Managing Communication in the Post Bureaucratic Era1415 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I am going to discuss how practices of leadership contribute to managing communication in the post bureaucratic era. This essay shall discuss the effectiveness of leadership approaches in the post bureaucratic era in managing communication in organizations. In section 1, I shall discuss leadership in terms of communication by drawing upon the article by Barry B. (2007). In addition, I shall also discuss the use of communication in running an organization in a leader’s desired wayRead MoreManaging Change in Organisations Essay4889 Words   |  20 PagesEdexcel Level 7 ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY : UNIT No: 2 UNIT NAME: Managing Change in Organisations ASSESSMENT NO: 1 OF 1 FOR THIS UNIT Full Name: RAHUL DESHMUKH 4 Intake: October’ 2008 Date issued: ____________ Date due: February 13, 2009 Date submitted: June 01, 2009 Assessor(s):_______________________________________ Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3 Unit outcomes Outcome Evidence for the criteria Feedback Assessor’s decision Internal Verification 1 Explore the backgroundRead MoreEssay about Managing People4361 Words   |  18 PagesManaging People The history of managing people has reflected prevailing beliefs and attitudes held in society about employees, the response of employers to public policy (for example, health and safety and employment legislation) and reactions to trade union growth. In the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, the extraordinary codes of discipline and fines imposed by factory owners were, in part, a response to the serious problem of imposing standards of disciplineRead MoreHow Has the World of Work Changed in Post-Fordism Era3142 Words   |  13 Pageslike which influences the business world in many ways. The Post-Fordism era in broaden sense is generic description of Capitalism period which mainly is characterised by flexible production of non-standardized, better-quality goods embracing adaptability of production processes in harmony with the unpredictable nature of markets to meet customers’ satisfaction. The changes made in notion of improving the way things were done consequently changed organizations’ systems and how people are managed inorder

Communication and Presenting Information Free Essays

What is active listening? Active listening is a person’s ability and willingness to listen and understand. Often we people talk to each other. We might not listen at a time because lack of attentiveness, which can distract the speaker. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication and Presenting Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now In way active listening can be called as responding to another person that develops mutual understanding. Active listening is process in which the listener paraphrases in its own words what the speaker had said to confirm or clarify of accuracy of the message. Active listening involves listening with your head and your heart; that is, you listen to the content of the message but also the feelings behind the message. The skill of active listening involves paying attention with empathy to the listener, as opposed to distracted denying, cynical or ostrich behavior. New session leaders of alcoholics anonymous meetings are advised to’†¦. Take cotton form your ears and put it in your mouth’. (Hogan, 2000) Listening can wrongly be viewed as a passive activity; the speaker talks and the listener listen’s. The listener is silent and passive and the speaker is active and verbal. When the speaker finishes its talking, the assumption is that the message has been accurately received by the listener, with no observation participation or effort active listening statement. â€Å"The most basic of all human needs is the need to be understood†. (Fujishin,1997) Listening does not mean just have sit with the mouth shut stirring at the person. A dead body can do that. It is an active process which requires participation to understand fully the meaning of a communication. Listening actively involves clarifying, paraphrasing, giving feedback. Paraphrasing: state in your own word what the speaker had said in the talk. It is sign of good listening. It keeps the listener busy trying to understand and know that other person means rather than blocking. Clarifying: it goes along with paraphrasing. It means asking questions until the listener get the correct picture. In order to understand fully what the speaker said. Clarifying assist the listeners to sharpen its listening focus so that the listener hears more than vague generalities. Giving Feedback: feedback is what active listening depends on. After paraphrasing and clarifying the listener gives an example what had been said and hopefully understands it. This is the point at which the listener can talk about reaction. In freely way the listener share its thought, felt or sensed. Active listening is really one of the mostly physical and mentally challenging aspects of facilitation. Listening sometime does not come easy for some people not because they are not willing to listen but because they are not able to do so. Actually their mind does not come up with the total picture because some people see the world in one dimension. This inability to listen using both side of the brain can cause misinterpretation, miscommunication and miscalculation. As a result the listener with in ability could not be able to deal with logic of a relationship and also with the emotional component. Therefore this unbalanced use of brain often results in the inability of the listener understand all the essential signs form the person speaking. Therefore active listening require usage both side of brain. Unfortunately there are few people who are able to understand this fact who instead see this skill in one reflecting use of the both side of brain. Taking holistic approach toward listening requires special discipline or rules on the part of the listener. The basis reason is that many listeners tend to fall into their own comfort zones by in taking what they want to hear and skipping rest of the important data and facts. As a result hearing selectively can lead to incorrect conclusion of data and information. Listening is like art were there are opportunities for huge errors. â€Å"This information is taken from the Source: Kliem (2007) â€Å"Effective Communications for Project Management† CRC Press Feature of active listening Active listening motivates the person to listen carefully which eventually motivates the speaker to talk effectively. Active listening helps the speakers to identify that whether the listener is taking afford to understand thing with any distraction and helps the listener to clear their doubt and revert back the message to the speaker in order to give idea that he as understood. The distraction is big treat while listening and speaking, were the listener forgets the point or get miss leaded about speaker’s talk or message, were as speaker also gets frustrated and won’t put his best effort. The active listener use both side of brain. They see the skill as one reflecting the use of the right or left side of the brain. The left side of the brain highlights facts, organizational, logical reasoning and thinking and discipline and accuracy in thought. It is extremely goal and analysis oriented. Active listening exclusively from this viewpoint can result in ignoring the important emotional message of the speaker: for example the importance on calculating metric is left brain activity. Focusing on scheduling and cost performances index as a measure of success is a prime example of left brain thinking. The right side of the brain highlights emotional and sensory view. Imaging and imagining are two quiet actions of this side of the brain. The importance is on nonverbal communication and impulsive behavior. Active listening from this view point can result in ignoring or skipping the important data and fact and being influenced by the speaker. Most common example of active listening is boards meeting of the company were each directors or shareholders as listener listen actively because every decision raised in the company is important and should be planned in order to achieve objective and goals. BARRIERS OF ACTIVE LISTENING â€Å"Man inability to communicate is a result of his failure to listen effectively, skillfully and with understanding to other human beings†. Carl roger,1850) The biggest barrier of the active listening is the unconscious nature of the process. When we listen to take in information from all of our sense continuously and for which automatic we give a meaning to what we take in. Responding without thinking for the first is easy, as there are some people who use very little of their full listen ing capacity because they do not intentionally put their full energy into it. However there are barriers to listening beside the environmental barriers. Some of the common see barriers are: Negative and positive trigger: there are certain words, sound, phrases; gesture that can draw out an emotional response from the person. A positive trigger is phrases or word that produces a good feeling for the listener and negative trigger is a phrase or word that produces feeling such as anger. The trigger causes when a person reacts before for thinking. The listener just by hearing few words has a preprogrammed understanding and response because the trigger cuts off the information gathering actions of the senses and can show the way to greatly mistaken estimation. This trigger interferes with the listeners listening because the listeners immediately change their attention to the emotions that they are experiencing. Any effective listener can identify their own trigger in order to gain their conscious control of their action and listen more effectively. ?Difference in word definition: No two people have same meaning for the words or phrase. These differences in meaning can lead to misinterpreting and misunderstanding. A responsible person first check with the speaker and helps groups builds up harmony on the definition of important words and phrases. Personal issues: every person has important personal issues beside the work life. Sometimes these issues want a huge attention and take a lot of energy which make the person tough to actively listen at some moment. A Responsible person first observes the effect of the personal issues and then takes time to deal with them. When it is time to listen, they intentionally remind themselves to use active listening process. For example a manager who is going through break up found it difficult to listen during board meeting. But his boss was supportive and understanding; however at that moment the manager should put his personal matters at a side and meet his obligations of the organization. ?Poor physical surroundings: poor physical surrounding involves Noisy, distracting or uncomfortable places and situation make it hard to listen and also make it difficult to focus on what the speaker is explaining. ?Tiredness: it becomes difficult to listen actively when a person is tried. Active listening requires active or alert mind and energetic body to considerate. A student in order to be active listener should get good night sleep before attending the early morning lecture so that the student considerate without any tiredness. ?Filter: Your beliefs, values, assumption, expectation, past experiences and interest all these things interfere with active listening. There are subtle and thus are hard to detect. For instant, think as if your enemy sitting beside you, eventually you will be thinking some else rather that listening to the speaker. Importance’s of active listening Active listening is an important skill that can bring changes in people. Changes as such in attitude toward themselves and others and also bring changes in your vital value and physical philosophy. People who contain active listening skill are more emotionally mature, less defensive, have more experiences, more independent and less demanding. The people who listen sensitively tend to listen themselves with more care so they are make clear about what they are thinking and feeling. Some of common Importance of active listening is: ? It helps you to focus on one task without any distraction and enable you to get clear picture of what speaker try to explain. It helps you to develop your interest in listening and keep you active and alert. ?It keeps you way from misinterpretation and misunderstanding of idea of other person because understanding other person is very difficult. ?It helps to develops trust between listener and speaker. It isn’t very often an individual is given the opportunity to share what’s really on his mind or deep in his heart without be attacked and rescued. This is one of the most important rewards of actively listening for understanding where the speaker trusts you. Conclusion Listening well is an essential component of every successful person. Active listening takes a lot of energy and very irritating to mirror every statement during conversation. At some extend, it can drive person crazy. A person should keep active listening for those occasions when the person require clarifying the speaker’s message, the speaker want to feel understanding of listeners. Active listening just encourages a person to set aside the trouble of self talk, in order to get mixed up with what the others are relating and to experience totally what they feeling. You will be shocked to discover that when you focus on your speaker rather than yourself, it become far easier for you to think of things to say. As said by Fritz Perls â€Å"the pictures of the world do not enter us automatically, but selectively. We don’t see, we look for, search, scan for something. We don’t hear all the sounds of the world, we listen†. References 1. Hoppe(2007) â€Å"Active Listening: Improve Your Ability to Listen and Lead† London Publisher: Center for Creative Leadership 2. Ivey , Bradford Ivey Zalaquett (2009) â€Å"Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society† Publisher: Cengage Learning 3. Jones (2008) â€Å"Introduction to Counselling Skills: Text and Activities† Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd. 4. Moyet(2005) â€Å"Understanding the nursing process: concept mapping and care planning for students† Publisher: Lippincott Williams Wilkins 5. Weaver Farrell (1997) â€Å"Managers as facilitators: a practical guide to getting work done in a changing workplace† Publisher: Berrett-Koehler Publishers 6. Fujishin(2007) â€Å"Creating effective groups: the art of small group communication† Publisher: Rowman Littlefield 7. Kliem(2007) â€Å"Effective Communications for Project Management† Publisher: CRC Press 8. McKay, Davis Fanning (2009) â€Å"Messages: The Communication Skills Book† Publisher: New Harbinger Publications 9. Spencer Pruss (1997) â€Å"The professional secretary’s handbook† Publisher: Barron’s Educational Series 10. Farrell Weaver (2000) â€Å"The Practical Guide to Facilitation: A Self-Study Resource† Publisher: Berrett-Koehler Publishers 11. Garner(1997) â€Å"Conversationally speaking: tested new ways to increase your personal and social effectiveness† Publisher: McGraw-Hill Professional 12. http://www. gordontraining. com/artman2/uploads/1/ActiveListening_RogersFarson. pdf (accessed 6 august 2009) How to cite Communication and Presenting Information, Papers

Poetry Analysis on Breathless Essay Example For Students

Poetry Analysis on Breathless Essay Poetry Analysis on Breathless by Wilfred Nonce Florence Wong G(17) Breathless, which was written by Wilfred Nonce at 21200 feet, describes the emotional struggles and physical challenges the speaker experienced and overcame while climbing a mountain. And through it, Wilfred Nonce illustrates the theme of man versus nature as well as the correct attitude In achieving goals by emphasizing the ambivalence of the speaker toward finishing the climb. This is demonstrated through the poems tone, form and structure and the use of imagery respectively. To begin with, the tone throughout the poem Is discouraged and almost desperate, et conflicted with determination. In line 5-6, Legs lift-why at all? suggests that the speaker is feeling hopeless at that moment since he is having a hard time climbing up the mountain as described in line 1-2, Heart aches, lungs pant. However, in line 19-20, dont look up, till journeys done and In line 29-31 Go on and dont look up Indicate the strong determination In the speaker to finish his Journey on the mountain. The speaker is commanding himself to carry on, even though he would love to take flat steps instead as showed in line 11-12, a flat step is holiday. The determination to conquer nature Is expressed here. On top of that, the poet is trying to relate this to peoples dally lives: Just Like how the speaker struggled with finishing his climb, people experience hardships and temptations throughout life, and it is perseverance and self-discipline that lead them to reaching their goals. Secondly, the structure and form of the poem portrayed the level of difficulty of the climb to the speaker. The outline of the poem Is not regular or smooth, depicting the rugged and twisty road the speaker is climbing on, and furthermore all the different problems people face in their lives. There is also no stanza, which means the lines re all leaned, without any gaps In between, Just like the continuous climb the speaker Is doing, and the unceasing challenges In peoples lives. Moreover, the lines are short, some chopped off in the middle (caesura), and the words are short with little syllables. This imitates the ragged breath, steady, fast heartbeat and small footsteps of the speaker while climbing up the mountain, and also the intense atmosphere while doing it (since he is confronting with the edge every moment). And more importantly, it is written in such way so when readers read the poem out quickly, they will feel breathless as well, Just like the speaker does in he poem. In addition, for most of the lines In the poem, the rhyme scheme of ABACA Is adopted, like how line 2, pant rhymes with line 4, scant, but line 1 and line 2 dont. This is to imitate the repeating process of the speaker putting his feet forward one by one, as well as his pounding heart and panting lungs. Besides, this poem is written in free verse, which means it does not have a fixed pattern of meter or rhyme. During the middle of the poem-Grind breath/ once more then on; dont look up till Journeys done, it is where the ABACA rhyme scheme adopted so far breaks down. This 1 OFF ending the flicker of determination (since he said dont look up till Journeys done), contrastingly. The idea of free verse is to provide a sense of roughness of the climb and losing breath during the climb in the poem. Finally, a circular structure is used in this poem as well. Heart aches, lungs pant/ dry air/ sorry,scant. appeared at the beginning of the poem, and so in the end of it. This is to emphasis the physical pain the speaker is going through climbing the mountain, also the greatness of the mountain, since it is able to oppress the speaker. In overall, the structure and form f the poem helped intensify the feeling of exhausted and despair, and mostly, breathless, showing how weak and vulnerable human being is to nature. .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 , .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .postImageUrl , .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 , .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96:hover , .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96:visited , .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96:active { border:0!important; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96:active , .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96 .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa2e01d944886a058971d736f583bb96:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Demon Goes To Kill Death EssayIn the meantime, this parallels to the fact that the Journeys that people choose to embark on is often hard and full of challenges. Thirdly, the imagery created by Wilfred Nonce in the poem, again, pictures how challenging the speakers climb is. The senses auditory, taste and smell do not apply since the speaker is climbing a mountain. The imagery of a long, difficult and vague journey ahead is depicted by the things the speaker sees: loose drift, heavy fall, the Journey ahead and glasses dim. The imagery of close to falling/fainting is created by what the speaker feels: heart aching, lungs panting, dry air, prodding the snow, grinding breath, hand wrenching, limb faltering, a slack throat and heart beating. Then, the imagery of depression and wanting to give up is created by harsh, dynamic or monosyllabic words like grind, wrench. It also creates the sound effectuate from that, the speaker describes the feelings of his different body parts separately, one by one, as if they were separate, or falling apart. These imagery emphasis how desperate the speaker is while climbing the mountain, the same thing a lot of people feel while confronting challenges in their lives. In conclusion, Wilfred Nonce wrote this poem to contrast the greatness of the nature and the weakness of human, as well as how people should be persistent and persevering when facing depressing challenges in life. He conveyed his message by using mainly the tone, form and structure and use of imagery in the poem. Ultimately this is all intended to create the effect of breathlessness to the reader, and it is very effective.